IOActive has always done its part in preventing the misuse of our work.
IOActive’s mission is to make the world a safer and more secure place. In the past, we’ve worked to innovate in the responsible disclosure process, with the most visible and memorable example being Dan Kaminsky’s research into DNS.[1] This involved one of the first uses of widespread, multiparty coordinated responsible disclosure, which quickly became the gold standard as referenced in CERT’s Guide to Responsible Disclosure.[2]
We don’t always talk publicly about our non-technical innovations, since they frequently aren’t as interesting as the groundbreaking cybersecurity research our team delivers. However, a couple recent events have prompted us to speak a bit about some of these less glamorous, but nonetheless extremely important innovations. First, we were deeply saddened by the passing of Dan Kaminsky, and would like to share how we’re building upon his legacy of non-technical innovation in vulnerability research. Second, a significant disclosure covered by global media organizations regarding the misuse of weaponized mobile phone vulnerabilities, packaged with surveillance tools, to target journalists and others for political purposes, rather than for lawful purposes consistent with basic human rights.
What We’re Doing
There are three primary elements to our policies that prevent the misuse of the vulnerabilities we discover.
Responsible Disclosure
IOActive has always had a policy of responsible disclosure. We transparently publish our policy on our website for everyone to see.[3] Over time, we’ve taken additional innovative steps to enhance this disclosure process.
We’ve built upon Dan’s innovation in responsible disclosure by sharing our research with impacted industries through multinational Information Sharing and Analysis Centers (ISACs).[4] Likewise, we’ve worked to confidentially disclose more of our pre-release research to our clients when it may impact them. As our consultants and researchers find new and innovative ways to break things, we’ll find new and innovative ways to disclose their work and associated consequences, with the goal of facilitating the best outcomes for all stakeholders.
Policy on the Sale of Vulnerabilities
IOActive is very clear on this simple policy, both publicly and with our clients: we do not sell vulnerabilities.
A well-developed market for vulnerabilities has existed for some time.[5] Unfortunately, other cybersecurity firms do sell vulnerabilities, and may not have the necessary ethical compartmentalization and required policies in place to safeguard the security and other interests of their clients and the public at large.
While we support the bug bounty concept, which can help reduce the likelihood of vulnerability sales and support the independent research community, as a commercial service bug bounties do not adequately address concerns such as personnel vetting or testing of resources only available when onsite at a client.
Contractual Responsible Disclosure Requirement
As a standard practice in our commercial work, we require the ability to report vulnerabilities we discover in third-party products externally only to the affected manufacturers, in addition to the client, to ensure that an identified defect can be properly corrected. IOActive offers to coordinate this disclosure process to the manufacturers on behalf of our clients.
This normally leads to a virtuous cycle of improved security for everyone through our commercial work. Any vulnerability discovery benefits not only the client, but the entire ecosystem, both of whom in turn benefit from the vulnerability discovery work we do for other clients.
Every person reading this post has benefited from better security in the products and services they and their organizations use every day, due to the combination of our fantastic consultants and clients who support doing the right thing for the ecosystem.
Fundamentally, when a vulnerability is corrected, that risk is retired for everyone who updates to the secure version and prevents the weaponization of the vulnerability. When those fixes are pushed out through an automated update process, the benefits accrue without any active effort on the part of end users or system maintainers.
How to Help
Make it Easy to Receive Disclosures
As a prolific vulnerability discloser, we see a wide spectrum of maturity in receiving and handling vulnerability disclosures. We must often resort to creative and time-intensive efforts to locate a contact who will respond to our attempts to disclose a vulnerability. Occasionally, we run into a dead end and are unable to make productive contact with organizations.
Here’s a short list of actions that will help make it easy to collect vulnerability information your organization really needs:
- Run a Vulnerability Disclosure Program. A vulnerability disclosure management program provides bidirectional, secure communication between the discloser and the impacted organization in a formal, operationalized manner. You can run such a program with internal resources or outsource it to a commercial firm providing managed vulnerability disclosure program services.
- Be Easy to Find. It should be simple and effortless for a researcher to find details on the disclosure process for any organization. A good test is to search for “<Your Organization Name> Vulnerability Disclosure” or “<Your Organization Name> Vulnerability Report” in a search engine. Ideally, your public disclosure page should appear in the first page or two of results.
Cesar Cerrudo, CTO of IOActive Labs, has a more in-depth post discussing how to get the best outcomes from working with researchers during the vulnerability disclosure process in his post, 10 Laws of Disclosure.[6]
Working with Security Firms
When you’re selecting a security firm for vulnerability discovery work, you should know what they will do with any vulnerabilities they find. Here are a few core questions for which any firm should have detailed, clear answers:
- Does the company have a responsible disclosure policy?
- What is the company’s policy regarding the sale of vulnerabilities?
- Does the company require responsible disclosure of the vulnerabilities it discovers during client work?
- How does the company handle third-party responsible disclosure for its clients?
Participate in the Discussion
The global norms around the sale and weaponization of cybersecurity vulnerabilities, as well as their integration into surveillance tools, are being established today. More constructive, thoughtful public debate today can prevent the current deleterious conduct from becoming a standard of global behavior with its associated dystopic outcomes through inattention and inaction.
References
[1] https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/security-bites-107-dan-kaminsky-talks-about-responsible-vulnerability-disclosure/
[2] https://resources.sei.cmu.edu/asset_files/SpecialReport/2017_003_001_503340.pdf
[3] https://ioactive.com/disclosure-policy/
[4] https://www.nationalisacs.org/
[5] https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR600/RR610/RAND_RR610.pdf
[6] https://ioactive.com/10-laws-of-disclosure/