ST SmartCards 201 – Introduction to the ST16601 Secure MCU
This piece is going to be split into two articles-
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- The first being this article is actually a primer on all of the ST16XYZ series smartcards using this type of Mesh technology. They have overgone a few generations. We consider this device to be a 3rd generation.
- In a seperate article yet to come, we are going to apply what you have read here to a smartcard used by Sun Microsystems, Inc. called Payflex. From what we have gathered on the internet, they are used to control access to Sun Ray Ultra Thin Terminals. Speaking of the payflex cards, they are commonly found (new and used) on eBay.
The ST16601 originated as far back as 1994. It originally appeared as a 1.2 um, 1 metal CMOS process and was later shrunk to 0.90 um, 1 metal CMOS to support 2.7v – 5.5v ranges.
It appears to be a later generation of the earlier ST16301 processor featuring larger memories (ROM, RAM, EEPROM).
The ST16601 offers:
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- 6805 cpu core with a few additional instructions
- Lower instruction cycle counts vs. Motorola 6805.
- Internal Clock can run upto 5 Mhz at 1:1 vs 2:1.
- 6K Bytes of ROM
- 1K Bytes of EEPROM
- 128 Bytes of RAM
- Very high security features including EEPROM flash erase (bulk-erase)
Although it was released in 1994 it was being advertised in articles back in 1996. Is it possible an ‘A’ version of the ST16601 was released without a mesh? We know the ST16301 was so anything is possible.
Final revision of the ST16601(C?). The part has been shrunk to 0.90um and now has ST’s 2nd generation mesh in place. The newer mesh still in use today consists of fingers connected to ground and a serpentine sense line connected to power (VDD).
Using our delayering techniques, we removed the top metal mesh from the 1997 version of the part. The part numbering system was changed in 1995 onward to not tell you what part something really is. You have to be knowledgable about the features present and then play match-up from their website to determine the real part number.
As you can see, this part is clearly an ST16601 part except it is now called a K3COA. We know that the ‘3’ represents the entire ST16XYZ series from 1995-1997 but we’ll get into their numbering system when we write the ST101 article (we skipped it and jumped straight to ST201 to bring you the good stuff sooner!).
Above: 1000x magnification of the beginning of the second generation mesh used ont he 1995+ parts. This exact mesh is still used today on their latest technology sporting 0.18um and smaller! The difference- the wire size and spacing.
In the above image, green is ground, red is connected to power (VDD). Breaking this could result in loss of ground to a lower layer as well as the sense itself. The device will not run with a broken mesh.
Flylogic has successfully broken their mesh and we did it without the use of a Focus Ion-Beam workstation (FIB). In fact, we are the ONLY ONES who can open the ST mesh at our leisure and invasively probe whatever we want. We’ve been sucessful down-to 0.18um.
Using our techniques we call, “magic” (okay, it’s not magic but we’re not telling 😉 ), we opened the bus and probed it keeping the chip alive. We didn’t use any kind of expensive SEM or FIB. The equipment used was available back in the 90’s to the average hacker! We didn’t even need a university lab. Everything we used was commonly available for under $100.00 USD.
This is pretty scary when you think that they are certifying these devices under all kinds of certifications around the world.
Stay tuned for more articles on ST smartcards. We wanted to show you some old-school devices before showing you current much smaller ones because you have to learn to crawl before you walk!